Java

Type conversion in Java

October 11, 2022 by aAshish

Numeric primitive casting

Numeric primitives can be cast in two ways. Implicit casting happens when the source type has smaller range than the target type. 

//Implicit casting

byte byteVar = 42;
short shortVar = byteVar;
int intVar = shortVar;
long longVar = intvar;
float floatVar = longVar;
double doubleVar = floatVar;

Explicit casting has to be done when the source type has larger range than the target type. 

//Explicit casting

double doubleVar = 42.0d;
float floatVar = (float) doubleVar;
long longVar = (long) floatVar;
int intVar = (int) longVar;
short shortVar = (short) intVar;
byte byteVar = (byte) shortVar; 

NOTE: When casting floating point primitives (float, double) to whole number primitives, the number is rounded down.

Basic Numeric Promotion 

static void testNumericPromotion() {

char char1 = 1, char2 = 2;
short short1 = 1, short2 = 2;
int int1 = 1, int2 = 2;
float float1 = 1.0f, float2 = 2.0f;

// char1 = char1 + char2;      // Error: Cannot convert from int to char; 
// short1 = short1 + short2;   // Error: Cannot convert from int to short; 
int1 = char1 + char2;             // char is promoted to int.
int1 = short1 + short2;           // short is promoted to int.
int1 = char1 + short2;            // both char and short promoted to int.
float1 = short1 + float2;        // short is promoted to float.
int1 = int1 + int2;                 // int is unchanged.

 }

Non-numeric primitive casting 

The boolean type cannot be cast to/from any other primitive type.

A char can be cast to/from any numeric type by using the code-point mappings specified by Unicode. A char is represented in memory as an unsigned 16-bit integer value (2 bytes), so casting to byte (1 byte) will drop 8 of those bits (this is safe for ASCII characters). The utility methods of the Character class use int (4 bytes) to transfer to/from code-point values, but a short (2 bytes) would also suffice for storing a Unicode code-point.

int badInt = (int) true;        // Compiler error: incompatible types
char char1 = (char) 65; // A
byte byte1 = (byte) 'A'; // 65
short short1 = (short) 'A'; // 65
int int1 = (int) 'A'; // 65
char char2 = (char) 8253; // ‽
byte byte2 = (byte) '‽'; // 61 (truncated code-point into the ASCII range)
short short2 = (short) '‽'; // 8253
int int2 = (int) '‽'; // 8253 

Object casting 

As with primitives, objects can be cast both explicitly and implicitly.

Implicit casting happens when the source type extends or implements the target type (casting to a superclass or interface).

Explicit casting has to be done when the source type is extended or implemented by the target type (casting to a subtype). This can produce a runtime exception (ClassCastException) when the object being cast is not of the target type (or the target's subtype).

Float floatVar = new Float(42.0f);        
Number n = floatVar;                            //Implicit (Float implements Number)
Float floatVar2 = (Float) n;                  //Explicit
Double doubleVar = (Double) n;        //Throws exception (the object is not Double)


Testing if an object can be cast using instanceOf 

Java provides the instanceof operator to test if an object is of a certain type, or a subclass of that type. The program can then choose to cast or not cast that object accordingly.

Object obj = Calendar.getInstance();
long time = 0;

if(obj instanceof Calendar) {
    time = ((Calendar)obj).getTime();
}

if(obj instanceof Date) {
    time = ((Date)obj).getTime();  // This line will never be reached, obj is not a Date type. 
}